Interactions of Tris with rutile surfaces and consequences for in vitro bioactivity testing

Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) has been used as the buffer in bioactivity testing for over two decades and become a standard choice scientific community. While it is believed to be non-interacting, extent of its interactions with titanium oxide surfaces not systematically studied. Here, we use experimental (zeta potential measurements) computational (molecular dynamics) approaches evaluate interaction Tris rutile surface how affects adsorption other molecules relevant biomedical vitro testing. We show that strong significantly organic residues surface. These are compounded by concentration protocol, which much higher compared components. Our findings indicate kinetics observed tests will strongly influenced presence buffering agent when natural CO 2 blood. results reveal considering so-far neglected active role critically needed protocols using partial pressure should yield more reliable results. • examine amino acids affinity negligible. When present, inhibits One must rethink